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Science Letters is a single-blind, peer-reviewed, open-access, and biannually online-published (January and June) international journal for the complete coverage of all topics in science and technology-related areas. Science Letters aims to be recognised as an important forum for researchers from academic and private arenas to exchange the latest results from research, especially in science and technology, in a broad sense, both original papers and reviews.

Current published issue:

 No.

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 1.

Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Silicone Electrically Conductive Adhesive (ECAs) Filled Graphene-Carbon Black (GR-CB)

Muhammad Hanif Azhar¹, Zuliahani Ahmad^1*, Diana Nasuha Muhamad Kamsani¹, Adzrie Baharudin^1,2, Nur Raihan Mohamed¹, Sharifah Nafisah Syed Ismail¹, Suhaida Dila Safian¹, Pham Trung Kien3 and Muhamad Nabil Nazifi Mohd Ruhaizat⁴.

¹Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

²Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

³Polymer Research Centre, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10,
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

⁴PETRONAS Chemical Group, Tower 1, PETRONAS Twin Towers, Kuala Lumpur City Centre, 50088 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

 2.

Transformative Approaches to Produce PHAs from WasteStreams: A Brief Review

Norazlina Hashim

Faculty of Engineering Technology, University College TATI (UC TATI), Jalan Panchor, Teluk Kalong, 24000 Kemaman, Terengganu, Malaysia

 3.

Synthesis and Characterization of Green Thermoplastic Composite from Renewable Resources

Auwal, A.S^1*, Gumel,S. M.¹, Bashir, U.G², Umar. A.³, Bawa, A.A⁴, Jibril, L. A.¹

¹Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, College of Natural and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bayero University Kano, Kano State, Nigeria

²College of Remedial and Advanced Studies (JICORAS), P. M. B.2020, Yarkirya Road, Babura, Jigawa State, Nigeria

³Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Sule Lamido University Kafin Hausa, Jigawa State, Nigeria

⁴College of Education and Preliminary Studies, Kano State, Nigeria

 4.

Synthesis and Analytical Characterization of Monoazo Bifunctional Reactive Dyes on Cotton

Bashir U.G.^1*, Sani M. G.², Aliyu B.A.³, Umar A.⁴, and Zainab H.⁵

¹Department of Sciences Jigawa State College of Remedial and Advanced Studies (JORAS), P.M.B. 2020, Yarkirya Road,
Babura, Jigawa State, Nigeria

²Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, College of Natural and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bayero University Kano.

Kano State Nigeria

³College of Education and Preliminary Studies, Kano, Kano State, Nigeria

⁴Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Science Sule-Lamido University, Kafin Hausa, Jigawa state, Nigeria

⁵Department of Chemistry, Gombe State University. Gombe State Nigeria.

 5.

Morphometric and Molecular Techniques for Sex Identification in Greater Coucal (Centropus sinensis intermedius)

Jessey Angat¹, Farida Zuraina Mohd Yusof^1,2*

¹Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

²Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Level 7, FF3 Building, UiTM Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, BandarPuncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

 6.

Microalgae as Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Agents: A Review

Syaza Syasya Lakman¹, Nurul Aili Zakaria¹, Mohd Taufiq Mat Jalil^1,2*

¹Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

²Molecular Microbial Pathogenicity Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences

 7.

The Relationship between Reproductive Hormones with General Behaviour of Captive Female Bornean Orangutans at Bukit Merah Orang Utan Island, Perak

Noramira Nozmi¹, Nur Nadiah Md Yusof ^1,2, Hartini Ithnin ³, Muhammad FahmiRamli ⁴, Farida Zuraina Mohd Yusof ^1,5

¹School of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia

²Institute of Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia

³Department of Wildlife and National Parks, KM 10, Jalan Cheras, 56100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

⁴Bukit Merah Orang Utan Island Perak Foundation, Bukit Merah, 344000 Simpang Empat Semanggol, Perak, Malaysia

⁵Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMiSE), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam,

Selangor, Malaysia

 8.

A Mini Review on Biofilm-Mediated Water Pollution: Mechanistic Interactions, Preventive Approaches, and Removal Strategies

Anati Abd Rashid Syaida¹, Mohd Taufiq Mat Jalil¹, Mohd Muzamir Mahat¹, Rikson Siburian² and Mohd Fakharul Zaman Raja Yahya^1,3*

¹Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

²Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia

³Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

 9.

In Silico Identification of Essential Transmembrane Proteins in Salmonella typhimurium as Potential Drug and Vaccine Targets

Izzati Nasuha Mohd Samsidi¹, Nawal Zulkiply¹, Anati Abd Rashid Syaida¹, Mohd Fakharul Zaman Raja Yahya^1,2*

¹Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

²Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

 10.

Abnormal Behaviors in Captive Wildlife: To Keep or Not to Keep?

Nurfarah Ain Limin¹, Siti Nurfatiha Najihah Fakhrul Hatta¹, Nurul Adilla Zaki¹, Nur Nadiah Md Yusof^1,2

¹School of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia

²Institute of Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

 11.

Anticancer and Anti-Angiogenic Potentials of Probiotics and Their Bioactive Metabolites Against Colorectal Cancer and its Tumour Microenvironment: A Narrative Review

Umi Khalsom Mohd Bajuri, Kalavathy Ramasamy, Siong Meng Lim*

Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Puncak Alam, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.

 No.

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 1.

A Comprehensive Evaluation of The Clean-Up Step in The QuEChERS Procedure for The Determination of Six Groups of Veterinary Drugs in Poultry Using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS)

Muhammad Isfaiz Iskandar¹, Ahmad Talhah Suhaimi¹, Marni Sapar², Zaidah Zainal Ariffin¹, Muhd Fauzi Safian^1*

¹Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

²Division of Veterinary Research, Department of Veterinary Services, Wisma Tani, Lot 4G1, Precinct 4, Federal Government Administration Centre, 62630, Putrajaya, Malaysia

 2.

Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic, Total Flavonoid and Vitamin C Contents of Hornstedtia havilandii (K. Schum.) K. Schum. from Sabah

Nadia Majitol, Lo Chor-Wai, Farnidah Jasnie*, Emmai Anak Setina

Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Campus, 88997 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

 3.

Effect of Montmorillonite Nanofiller Loading on The Properties of The Hemicellulose Blend Carboxymethyl Cellulose Nanocomposite Films

  
Hanis Madihah Abd Munir¹, Mohd Zaim Jaafar¹, Nasrullah Razali³, Mohamad Haafiz Mohamad Kassim^1,2*, Falah Abu^4,5*, Nurul Fazita Mohammad Rawi¹, Nur Adilah Abu Hassan²

¹Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.

²Cluster of Green Biopolymer, Coatings & Packaging, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia. 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.

³Department of Chemical Engineering, Syiah Kuala University Banda Aceh, 23111 Indonesia.

⁴Department of Ecotechnology, School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA.

⁵Smart Manufacturing Research Institute (SMRI), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Shah Alam, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.

 4.

Antihypertensive Potential of Lactobacillus rhamnosus Strain GG on Diastolic, Systolic, and Mean Arterial Pressures in NaCl-Induced Prehypertension Rat Models

Anis Munira Zaharuddin¹, Shafiq Aazmi^1,2*, Mohd Yusri Idorus³, Faye A Almabhouh^4,5, Chun Wie Chong⁶, Khalilah Abdul Khalil¹, Siong Meng Lim^7,8, Kalavathy Ramasamy^7,8, Harbindar Jeet Singh^3,4, Nurunajah Ab Ghani⁹

¹School of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia

²Microbiome Health and Environment (MiHeaRT) Research Interest Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia

³Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia

⁴Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia

⁵Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza Strip, Palestine

⁶School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia

⁷Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Puncak Alam, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

⁸Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Puncak Alam, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

⁹Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery (AuRIns), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

 5.

Understanding Bacterial Persistence under Antibiotic Pressure: A Review 

Intan Nurfarzana Mohd Safini, Nur Fatihah Sholehah Zakaria, Muhammad Iqbal Hafiz Saad, Mohd Fakharul Zaman Raja Yahya*, Norashirene Mohamad Jamil*

School of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia

 6.

Synthesis of Pristine Al₂O₃ Powder Via Self-Propagating Combustion Method with Various Fuel Sources

Missha Balqis Shariamin¹, Mas Fiza Mustafa¹, Mohd Sufri Mastuli^1,2, Annie Maria Mahat^1,2*

¹Faculty of Applied Sciences, Blok C, Kompleks Sains 2, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.

²Institute of Science, Level 3, Kompleks Inspirasi, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.

 7.

X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Surface Morphology Studies of PVC complexes Modified with Doping Salt and Additives

Siti Khatijah Deraman¹, Nazrizawati Ahmad Tajuddin², Hussein Hanibah^1*

¹Centre of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Dengkil 43800 Dengkil, Selangor, Malaysia

²School of Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

 8.

Antimicrobial Screening of Thirteen Aqueous Plant Extracts against Selected Pathogenic Fish Bacteria

Azirah Akbar Ali¹, Zary Shariman Yahaya¹, Ainil Hawa Jasni², Ismail Muhamad Fareez^3,4*  

¹School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia

²Department of Science in Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, 53100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

³School of Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam Campus, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

⁴Collaborative Drug Discovery Research Group (CDDR), Faculty of Pharmacy, University Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Puncak Alam, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

 9.

Effect of Different Extraction Methods on Physicochemical Properties of Gac Fruit (Momordica Cochinchinensis) Pulp and Peel Oil 

Siti Anis Habibah Aminuddin¹, Eng-Keng Seow^1,2,3,*

¹Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.

²Food Science Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. 

³Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.

 10.

Preparation of Biofilm Assay Using 96-Well and 6-Well Microplates for Quantitative Measurement and Structural Characterization: A Review

Siti Sarah Diyana Amran¹, Anati Abd Rashid Syaida¹, Mohd Taufiq Mat Jalil¹, Nurul Hidayah Mohamad Nor², Mohd Fakharul Zaman Raja Yahya¹*

¹Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

²Low Dimensional Material Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

 11.

Nurul Ain Mohd Nor^1,2, Annis Amanina Ahmad Tarmidzi¹, Nur Najibah Yusra Sulaiman^1,2, Muhamad Fareez Ismail^1,2*

¹School of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam Selangor, Malaysia

²Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300 Puncak Alam Selangor, Malaysia

 No.

 Title 

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 1.

The Role of Bilirubin in Preventing the Development of Tobacco-Induced Lung Cancer: A Review

Nurnadia Majid¹, Hasseri Halim^1,2, Salfarina Ramli^1,2*

¹Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

²Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

 2.

Nur Fatin Nabihah Hasan, Wan Nurhayati Wan Hanafi, Muhd Fauzi Safian, Zaidah Zainal Ariffin^*

Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

 3.

 Effect of Storage Conditions on the Bromelain Activity of Pineapple Peel Variety Josapine

Muhammad Yazid Abd Halim¹, Siti Aimi Sarah Zainal Abidin^1,2_, Siti Roha Ab Mutalib^1,2*

¹School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor

²Malaysian Institute of Transport, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor

 4.

Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Migratory Effect of Aqueous Extract of Baeckea frutescens Lin. on Keratinocytes

Ihsan Safwan Kamarazaman^1,2,3, Mohd Kamal Nik Hasan², Nur Nazihah Adnan³, Siti Sarah Khotib³, Sandra Maniam⁴, Hasseri Halim^1,3*

¹Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.

²Natural Products Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia

³Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.

⁴Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, 43400, Malaysia.

 5.

Comparative Analysis of Lipid Accumulation and Fatty Acid Composition in Microalgae Chaetoceros sp. and Isochrysis sp. Under Varied Light Intensities for Biodiesel Production

Zamzila Erdawati Zainol^*, Aziani Ahmad, Sharir Aizat Kamaruddin, Khairul Naim Abd. Aziz

Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis Branch, Arau Campus,02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

 6.

Halal Authentication of Alcohol in Food and Beverages Products: A Review

Nur Hanisah Mohamad Ikhiwan^[1], Nur Azira Tukiran^[2]*

¹Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Nilai, Malaysia

² International Institute for Halal Research and Training (INHART), International Islamic University Malaysia, (IIUM), Selangor, Malaysia

 7.

Preference of Insects for Different Colors of Sticky Traps in Rose Apple (Syzygium aqueum) Orchards

Muhammad Azeem Zuhaimi¹, Nurul Fatihah Abd Latip^[1]*, Mohammad Azizi Abdullah^1,2 Nur Atirah Hasmi³, Muhammad Irham Abdul Razak⁴, Dzulhelmi Muhammad Nasir⁵

¹Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Perlis, Malaysia

²Department of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

³Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Perak Branch, Tapah Campus, 35400, Tapah Road, Perak, Malaysia

⁴Biology and Ecology Research (BERes), Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu,Malaysia

⁵Department of Crop Protection & Bio-solution, FGV R&D Sdn Bhd, PPP Tun Razak, 27000, Jerantut, Pahang, Malaysia

 8.

 Biotransformation of Andrographolide using Tropical Versus Psychrotolerant Fungi as Biocatalyst

Nur Shahirah Shaharudin¹, Muhammad Hatta Syahiran Abdul Halim¹, Gurmeet Kaur Surindar Singh¹, Syed Adnan Ali Shah^1,2, Teh Lay Kek^1,3, Sadia Sultan^[1],2*

¹Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Puncak Alam, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

²Biotransformatiom Research Group (Health and Wellness), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Puncak Alam Campus, Bandar Puncak Alam, Kuala Selangor, Selangor, Malaysia.

³Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPromise), UITM Cawangan Selangor Kampus Puncak Alam, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

 9.

Effect of Cross-Linking and Pre-Gelatinization on Morphology and Crystallinity Characteristics of Unripe Banana Starch (Musa balbisiana)

Nurul Nor Izzuani Nor Sham^*, Anida Yusoff and Siti Roha Ab Mutalib

School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

 10.

Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry Profile and Biological Properties of Jarum Tujuh Bilah, Pereskia bleo – A Review

Nur Azwa Hanim Azizan¹, Farizan Aris¹, Mohd Taufiq Mat Jalil¹, Norfatimah Mohamed Yunus¹, Syarifah Ab Rashid² and Nurul Aili Zakaria^[1]*,

¹Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

²School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia